Section: 3. Crowd Dynamics | NCS4 Crowd Safety Course

3. Crowd Dynamics

Introduction to Crowd Science

In this module, we outline the principles of crowd dynamics. We focus on risks associated with packing density (static crowds) and moving space requirements (dynamic crowds) for crowd safety.

We also outline the formation of "shock waves" in the crowd and how they develop. The module includes two reviews of queueing systems design.

Learning outcomes

►	Static crowd density

►	Moving crowd density

►	Crowd shockwaves

►	Crowd collapse

►	The dynamics of crowd collapse

►	Queuing systems

►	Flowing systems

1. Welcome to the NCS4 Crowd Safety Course

Announcements

Read First: How to Navigate / Complete this course

Forum

Crowd Science: Safety and Risk Analysis (Article)

Course Overview Mind Map

Resources

Downloads - Density Image Packs

International Crowd Density Images

2. Crowd Science and DIM-ICE

2.2 Crowd Disasters Footage

2.3 Causes of Accidents and the DIM-ICE Model

Topic Discussion Forum

3. Crowd Dynamics

3.1 Static density and the vocabulary problem

3.2 Density, flow, and the colour vocabulary

3.4 Monaco GP with sound

3.5 Shockwaves and the accident pyramid

3.6 Monaco shockwave revisited and the redesign prompt

3.7 The Monaco solution and the zigzag principle

3.8 Crowd disasters and the Jamarat Bridge problem

3.9 The Jamarat redesign and the foreseeable principle

Resources

Crowd Density Levels 1 – 5 ppm

Crowd Dynamics Forum

4. Crowd Modelling

4.1 Crowd Modelling

Topic Discussion Forum

4.2 London NYE - Solution

5. RAMP Analysis

5.1 The RAMP framework

RAMP Discussion Forum

5.2 RAMP applied to the inaugurations

RAMP

6. Crowd Counting

6. Crowd Counting

Crowd Counting Forum

7. Control Room Information

7. Control Room Information

Topic Discussion Forum

8. Queueing Systems

8.1 Arrival, Service and the Soft-Target Queue

8.2 The 80% Rule: Why Balanced Systems Fail

8.3 The Queuing Formula in Practice

8.4 The Bottleneck Problem

8.5 Moving the Service Upstream

Topic Discussion Forum

9. Crowd Risk Analysis

9. Crowd Risk Analysis

Topic Discussion Forum

10. Event Egress Analysis

10.1 Event Egress Analysis

Topic Discussion Forum

10.2 Simple Site Model

11. Strategic and Tactical Analysis

11. Strategic and Tactical Analysis

DIM-ICE Templates

Topic Discussion Forum

12. Emergency Situations

12. Emergency Situations

Topic Discussion Forum

13. Course Summary

13. Course Summary

Topic Discussion Forum

14. Assessments and Certificates

Section outline